HISTORY

• Actualy the history of rapeseed and mustard is not definitely known, but its cultivation has been traced to 2000 BC in Japan, India and China.
• The word “rape” in rapeseed comes from the Latin word “rapum,” meaning turnip.
•  Hundreds of years ago, rapeseed oil was used as a fuel in  lamps in Asia and Europe.
•  Use increased in WWII as a lubricant for steam engines.
• Cited in Indian literature in 1500 BC.
•   Found in archeological sites in China from 2300 BC.
•   China, India and Pakistan account for 90% of world production.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION

 

Rapeseed-mustard belong to family Cruciferae and its botanical name is “Brassica compestris”  but in urdu it is called as “Sarsoon”.

Technicaiiy it has four types namely as Brassica napus, B.juncea, B. compestris and Eruca stiva.

B. compestris comprising three (desi types) in Pakistan as yellow sarsoon, brown sarsoon and toria.

B. a napus comprising gobi sarsoon or Japani sarsoon.

While B.juncea includes Raya, Taramira, gulabi sarsoon and also  called “Indian Musrtard”.

• Annual rabi plant.
• Self pollinated crop.
• Plant height 50-200cm.
• Rapeseed-mustard is the third most important source of edible oil. 
• Cultivated area 439 thousand hectares.
• Annual production of 157 thousand tonns.
• Rapeseed and mustard seed is a rich source of oil and protein.
•  It also has excellent nutritious values for animals feed.
•  Small round seeds.
•  Usually about 1 or 2 mm in diameter.
•  May be coloured from yellowish white to black.
• Native to temperate regions.
• More than 350 genera.
• One of the first domesticated crops.

 

 

 

 

Botanical   CLASSIFICATION

 

 

kingdom:    Plantae

Class:          Angiosperms

Order:        Brassicales

Family:       Cruciferae

Genus:        Brassica

Specie:       Compestris

 Botanical  name:  Brassica compestris

 

 

 

 

 

MORPHOLOGY

Flowers

• Mostly perfect flowers.
•  Actinomorphic.
•  Four sepals & four petals.
• Six stamens.
• Ovary superior.
• Mostly two fused carpel.
• One to many ovules.
• One pistil.

 

Leaves

• Opposite.
• No stipules.
• Net venation.

 

 

 

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Fruit

• Seed pods.
• Many are slender and long.

Seed

• Smallround seeds.
• Usually about 1 or 2 mm in diameter.
• May be colored from yellowish white to black.

 

Uses

 

• Young leaves as vegetables.
• It is also used as fodder.
• Oil is used as a lubricant in the industries.
• Sarson oil is  also used for domestic purpose.
• Mustard seeds are used for making mustard oil.
• Mustard oil is also used for many beauty care purpose.
• Mustard oil is also very healthy for our heart.
• It also have many medical properties like antibiotic properties, etc.
• Used for making rapeseed oil which is used for human consumption, animal consumption and as biodiesel.
• Used as a condiment, as an ingredient in mayonnaise, vinaigrette, marinades, and barbecue sauce, a popular accompaniment to hot dogs, pretzels, and bratwurst.
• Sore Throat Relief, Chest Decongestant, Muscle Relaxing Bath,Relief for Tired Feet ,Backache-Treating Bath.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Area, production and yield of different oilseed crops during 2012-13.

Crops		2011-12			2012-13 (P)
	Area	Production		Area	Production
	(000 Acres)	Seed (000 Tonnes)	Oil (000 Tonnes)	(000 Acres)	Seed (000 Tonnes)	Oil (000 Tonnes)
Cottonseed	6,958	3,212	385	7,143	3,393	407
Rapeseed/ Mustard	575	203	61	452	158	51
Sunflower	877	473	179	700	378	144
Canola	27	30	11	30	18	10
Total	8,437	3,918	636	8,325	3,947	612

 

Source: Pakistan Oilseed Development Board               Provisional(July-Mar)

 

 

Different Ecological Zones of Mustard in Pakistan

Zone	Regions	Rapeseed-Mustard
1	Uplands of Balochistan	Chagai, Dera Bughti
2	Plains and foothills of Balochistan	Nasirabad, Sibi, Lasbella
3	Southern region of Sindh	Thatta, Badin, Hydrabad
4	Northern region of Sindh	Nawabshah, Khairpur, Larkana, Sukkar, Jacobabad, Shikarpur, Sanghar
5	Southern Panjub	Rahim Yar Khan, Bahawalpur, Bahawalnagar, D.G. Khan, Rajanpur, Layyah, Bhakkar, Muzaffargharh, Vehari, Multan, Lodhran, Khanewal
6	Central Punjab	Sahiwal, Okara, Faisalabad, Jhang, T.T. Singh, Kasur, Sheikhpura, Khushab

Source:   

Agricultural Statistics of Pakistan, 2012-13

 

 

 

 

Production potential and yield gap of different oilseed crops

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PRODUCTION  TECHNOLOGY

• Soil and Climate
• Seedbed Preparation
• Sowing Time
• Seed Rate
• Methods of Sowing
• Fertilizer Requirements
• Irrigation Requirements
• Main Diseases Of Rapeseed
• Harvesting
• Threshing
• Storage
• Recommended Varieties
• Availability Of Seeds
• References

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

• Soil and Climate
• Rapeseed is well adapted in temperate region and requires cool temperature for vegetative and reproductive growth.
• Rapeseed-mustard can be grown on a wide range of soils.                       
• Soil pH from 5.5 to 8.0.
• Not Acidic with high aluminum and manganese levels.
• No crust on the soil after rainfall.
• Seedbed Preparation
• Well-structured seedbed for rapid germination and seedling growth.
• Moist within 2-5 cm of the surface.
• One MB plough 30-40 days before planting is required.
• 2-3 times cultivator followed by planking.
• Sowing Time
• NWFP:                   Mid-September to mid October
• * Punjab:                 1st October to 30 November
• * South Punjab:      Mid-October to mid November
• * Sindh:                    Mid-October to mid November
• * Balochistan:          Mid-October to mid November
• Seed Rate
• Recommended seed rate is 1.5 to 2.0 kg/acre.
• Seed rate above 2 kg/acre will result in tall spindly plants prone to lodging.
• Methods of Sowing
• Drill sowing.
• Optimum row spacing is 30 to 45 cm.
• Broadcasting.
• Fertilizer Requirements
• N  28 kg/acre.
• P  28 kg/acre.
• K  25 kg/acre.
• Irrigation Requirements
• Critical stages of irrigation:
• 4-6 weeks after emergence.
• Flower initiation.
• Seed formation stag.s

 

• Main Diseases Of Rapeseed
• Sclerotinia:                       

               Stem and Root Rot disease.

• Alternaria black spots:    

               Leaf and Pod Spots.

• Harvesting
• Harvesting of Rapeseed-mustard is recommended when all the seeds are black and seed moisture is less then 15%.
• when 75% pods turn brown.
• Crop should be harvested early in the morning.
• Threshing
• When the harvested crop dry completely, It should be       threshed in clear weather.
• After threshing winnowing is needed to clean the seed.

 

 

 

 

• Storage
• Ventilation of seed in a store is essential in order prevent heating.
• Seed should be dried properly at 9% moisture content.
• Recommended Varieties

v Canola type:

• Punjab sarsoon
• Oscar
• Rainbow

v Non-Canola:

• BARD-1
• khan pur Raya
• Yellow Raya,   raya anmol
• Hybirds (imported): Hyola-420, Hyola-308, Hyola-   401.

 

 

 

• Availability Of Seeds
• Punjab seed corporation.
• Oil seed research institute Faisalabad.
• Rapeseed Botanist khan pur.
• Regional offices of Pakistan Oilseed Development Board (PODBs)
• References
• Pakissan.com
• Pakistan Agriculture Research Council.
• Crop Production ( Shafi Nazir).
• NARC
• Pakistan Oilseed Development Board.