Spatially flat universes 5
to compute the time t e at which the light from the distant galaxy was emitted:t e =t 0(1 + z) 3(1+w)/2=23(1 + w)H 01(1 + z) 3(1+w…
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Spatially flat universes 4
regardless of the value of w. Making the substitutions 0 = c,0 =3c 28GH 20 (5.47)andt 0 =23(1 + w)H 10 , (5.48)equation (5.46) ca…
Spatially flat universes 3
The age of the universe, in terms of the Hubble time, is thent 0 =23(1 + w)H 10 . (5.44)In a spatially flat universe, if w 1/3,…
Spatially flat universes
with the restriction w 6 = 1. With the proper normalization, the scale factorin a spatially flat, single-component universe isa(…
Spatially flat universes
Setting the energy density equal to zero is one way of simplifying theFriedmann equation. Another way is to set = 0 and to deman…
Equivalence principle 4
To see how the equivalence principle led Einstein to devise his theory ofgeneral relativity, lets begin with a thought experiment …
Equivalence principle 2
When you stop to think about it, this equality is a remarkable fact. Theproperty of an object that determines how strongly it is p…
Equivalence principle
In Newtons view of the universe, space is unchanging and Euclidean. InEuclidean, or flat, space, all the axioms and theorems of p…
Equivalence principle 4
To see how the equivalence principle led Einstein to devise his theory ofgeneral relativity, lets begin with a thought experiment …
Equivalence principle 1
Newton devised a formula for computing the gravitational force betweentwo objects. Every object in the universe, said Newton, has …
