The Dome of the Rock (Arabic: قبة الصخرة‎, translit.: Qubbat As-Sakhrah, Hebrew: כיפת הסלע‎,translit.: Kipat Hasela) is a shrine located on the Temple Mount in the Old City of Jerusalem. It was initially completed in 691 CE at the order of Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik during theSecond Fitna. The Dome of the Rock is now one of the oldest works of Islamic architecture.^[1] It has been called 'Jerusalem's most recognizable landmark'.^[2] Its architecture and mosaics were patterned after nearby Byzantine churches and palaces.^[3]The octagonal plan of the structure may also have been influenced by the Byzantine Chapel of St Mary (also known as Kathisma and al-Qadismu) built between 451 and 458 on the road between Jerusalem and Bethlehem.